Snellen, H. Probebuchstaben zur Bestimmung der Sehschärfe. Utrecht, Van de Weijer, 1862.

Perera C, Chakrabarti R, Islam FMA, Crowston J. The Eye Phone Study: reliability and accuracy of assessing Snellen visual acuity using smartphone technology. Eye 2015; 29(7): 888–894.

Bastawrous A, Rono HK, Livingstone IA,  et al.  Development and validation of a smartphone-based visual acuity test (Peek Acuity) for clinical practice and community-based fieldwork.  JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(8):930-937.

Phung L, Gregori NZ, Ortiz A, Shi W, Schiffman JC. Reproducibility and comparison of visual acuity obtained with sight book mobile application to near card and Snellen chart. Retina Phila Pa. 2016 May;36:1009–20. 

Dr. Herman Snellen

Visual Acuity Testing (Snellen Chart)

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Assess binocular and monocular visual acuity.

Snellen Chart

Edmund Tsui, MD, is an assistant professor of ophthalmology at the Stein Eye Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was previously a uveitis fellow at the Proctor Foundation at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Tsui obtained his medical degree from the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and completed his ophthalmology residency training at NYU where he was elected chief resident. He is also a social media editor forOphthalmology. His research interests include the use of multimodal ophthalmic imaging to diagnose and monitor uveitis.

Edmund Tsui, MD

Priya Patel, MD, is currently a cornea fellow at Emory University in Atlanta, GA. She completed her ophthalmology residency at the New York University School of Medicine, where she was chief resident. A native of New Jersey, Dr. Patel attended Duke University for her undergraduate studies followed by medical school at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. Her interests include healthcare accessibility and resident education.

Priya Patel, MD

The Visual Acuity Testing (Snellen Chart) assess binocular and monocular visual acuity.

Ishihara Test

AMT-4

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Listen to the VACO co-creators break down how to use VACO\, what it does\, and what it doesn’t.

Calc Function