Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, Dowling F, Francis A. Catatonia. I. Rating scale and standardized examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93(2):129-36.

Francis A. Catatonia: diagnosis, classification, and treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010;12(3):180-5.

Rasmussen SA, Mazurek MF, Rosebush PI. Catatonia: Our current understanding of its diagnosis, treatment and pathophysiology. World J Psychiatry. 2016;6(4):391-398.

Sienaert P, Rooseleer J, De fruyt J. Measuring catatonia: a systematic review of rating scales. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1-3):1-9.

Dr. Andrew Francis

Dr. George Bush

Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale

excite

immobile

mute

stare

posture

grimace

echo

stereo

manner

verb

rigid

negative

waxy

withdrawal

impulse

auto

grasp

preserve

combat

Brandi Karnes, MD

The Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale assesses severity of catatonia.

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