Paula Barreras, MD is a board-certified neurologist and Assistant Professor of Neurology at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where she directs the Center of Excellence for Rare Neuroimmune Disorders. She specializes in immune-mediated disorders of the brain and spinal cord, including NMOSD, MOGAD, and neurosarcoidosis. Dr. Barreras completed medical school at the University of the Andes and her neurology residency and neuroimmunology fellowship at Johns Hopkins University. Her research focuses on outcomes and biomarkers in myelopathies and neurosarcoidosis.

Paula Barreras, MD

IMPROVE Risk Score for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

IMPROVEDD Risk Score for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

RibScore

Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) Score

Padua Prediction Score for Risk of VTE

Michigan Risk Score for PICC-Related Thrombosis

HEART Pathway for Early Discharge in Acute Chest Pain

Kabir Yadav, MDCM MS MSHS FACEP, is the Vice Chair for Research & Academic Affairs and Professor of Emergency Medicine at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. He has been funded through PCORI, NIH, CDC, DoD, and foundations to leverage technology and implementation science to perform collaborative health services research focused on improving patient and provider decision making, and partners with community to do mutually meaningful research with an emphasis on patient-benefit clinical trials and social determinants of health.

Kabir Yadav, MDCM MS MSHS

EPIPHANY Index for Pulmonary Embolism (PE) in Cancer

IMPEDE-VTE

Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS) Consensus Grading for Adults

International Prognostic Scoring System for Mastocytosis (IPSM)

4Ts Score for Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

POMPE-C Tool for Pulmonary Embolism Mortality

Khorana Risk Score for Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer Patients

Austin Wesevich, MD, MPH, MS is a hematologist and health services research. He focuses clinically on adolescents and young adults with leukemia, and his research focuses on patient communication, clinician bias, and shared decision-making. Dr. Wesevich hopes to expand the patient-reported outcome measures available through MDCalc.

Austin Wesevich, MD, MPH, MS

Whitney Thompson, MD, MPhil is an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics and a fellow in Neonatology and Medical Genetics at Mayo Clinic. She has played a key leadership role in advancing precision medicine at Mayo, including building a rapid genome sequencing program in the NICU, co-founding BabyFORce to accelerate precision therapeutics, and, more recently, launching a comprehensive Pediatric Precision Medicine program. She also serves on the Clinical Advisory Board of Inflection Medicine, a company enabling genome-informed care at scale.

Whitney Thompson, MD, MPhil

Nicholas Chiu, MD, MPH, is a Cardiovascular Medicine and Critical Care Cardiology Fellow at Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School. He is also an NIH T32 Research Fellow at the Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology. His research focuses on implementation sciences with artificial intelligence. Dr. Chiu completed his residency at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, earned his MD through Boston University’s 7-Year Accelerated BA/MD Program, and received an MPH from Harvard University.

Nicholas Chiu, MD, MPH

Age-Adjusted D-dimer for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

4-Level Pulmonary Embolism Clinical Probability Score (4PEPS)

Diastolic Shock Index (DSI)

Wells' Criteria for Pulmonary Embolism

Geneva Score (Revised) for Pulmonary Embolism

DASH Prediction Score for Recurrent VTE

PERC Rule for Pulmonary Embolism

Hestia Criteria for Outpatient Pulmonary Embolism Treatment

YEARS Algorithm for Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Abbas Husain, MD is the Associate PD of the SIUH EM residency program and an associate professor of emergency medicine. He trained in Philadelphia at Drexel University and is a Canadian transplant in NYC. Dr. Husain is active in advocacy for EM regionally and nationally and his research interests include digital scholarship and medical education as well as teaching the art of history taking. His interests are international travel and the history of medicine.

Abbas Husain, MD

Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 (SCORE2)

Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2-Older Persons (SCORE2-OP)

Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2-Diabetes (SCORE2-Diabetes)

SEX-SHOCK Risk Score for the Development of Cardiogenic Shock

Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index (PAPi)

ASCVD (Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease) 2013 Risk Calculator from AHA/ACC

Framingham Risk Score for Hard Coronary Heart Disease

Simon Broome Diagnostic Criteria for Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)

Dutch Criteria for Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)

Simon Kraler, M.D. Ph.D. FESC is a physician-scientist at the University Hospital Zurich. He graduated with highest honours from the Medical University of Graz and completed his Ph.D. at the University of Zurich under the supervision of Prof. Thomas F. Lüscher. His research focuses on personalized risk prediction in acute coronary syndromes, integrating biomarkers and advanced modelling approaches. His work has received several notable awards at national and international levels.

Simon Kraler, MD PhD 

Myxedema Coma Diagnostic Score

Weight-based Levothyroxine Dose Calculator for Hypothyroidism in Adults

Insulin Sensitivity Factor (ISF)

Estimated Average Glucose (eAG) From HbA1C

Steroid Conversion Calculator

Michelle D. Lundholm, MD is a board-certified endocrinologist with Cleveland Clinic and Assistant Professor at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University. She graduated from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, completed her residency and Chief residency at Loyola University Medical Center, and fellowship at the Cleveland Clinic. Dr. Lundholm operates a virtual inpatient endocrinology consult service and is a clinical researcher with a focus in diabetes, thyroid disease, adrenal disease, and quality improvement.

Michelle Lundholm, MD

Sriram Ramgopal, MD is an attending physician in Pediatric Emergency Medicine focused on advancing precision care for acutely ill children. He aims to develop expertise in data science and machine learning to better characterize pediatric phenotypes and identify targeted interventions in emergency settings. His clinical work emphasizes team-based care with residents, nurse practitioners, and nurses. His research spans clinical and health services topics, with a long-term goal of applying data-driven methods to improve management of pediatric respiratory disease within health systems.

Sriram Ramgopal, MD

PSA Doubling Time (PSADT) Calculator

Assure Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Prognosis

Karan Jatwani, MD is Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Hematology and Oncology at the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences and a member of the GW Cancer Center, where his practice focuses on genitourinary oncology. He earned his medical degree from Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, completed his internal medicine residency at Mount Sinai St. Luke’s–Roosevelt Hospital, a fellowship in Hospice and Palliative Care Medicine at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and his hematology/oncology fellowship at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center. Dr. Jatwani is a clinical researcher focused on designing clinical trials for novel cancer therapies and studying patient experiences and outcomes in prostate and bladder cancer, with a particular interest in integrating palliative care into oncology practice.

Karan Jatwani, MD

Mark Kaczor, MD is a board-certified pediatrician and neonatologist with Mayo Clinic and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine. He graduated from the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, completed his pediatrics residency at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota (Class of 2022), and went on to a neonatology fellowship there as well. Dr. Kaczor is a Consultant in the Division of Neonatal Medicine at Mayo Eugenio Litta Children’s Hospital, where he also serves as Vice Chair of Digital Health for Neonatal Medicine, and his research focuses on neonatal intubation outcomes, digital health innovation in the NICU, and disparities in infant mortality.

Mark Kaczor, MD

Abinet Mathias Aklilu, MD, MPH is a board-certified nephrologist with Yale New Haven Health System and Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Section of Nephrology at Yale School of Medicine. She earned her medical degree from the University of Maryland, completed her residency at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, and completed her clinical fellowship at Yale New Haven Hospital, later earning an MPH from the Yale School of Public Health. Dr. Aklilu is a clinical researcher with a focus in acute kidney injury, kidney function estimation (including race-free eGFR equations and CKD diagnosis), and the kidney-related effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, chemotherapy, and COVID-19.

Abinet Mathias Aklilu, MD, MPH

PROMISE Score for Malignant Pleural Effusion

LENT Prognostic Score for Malignant Pleural Effusion

Shreya Podder, MD is a board-certified pulmonologist and critical care physician with UChicago Medicine and Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the University of Chicago. She earned her medical degree from Virginia Commonwealth University, completed her internal medicine residency at Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, a pulmonary fellowship at the Medical College of Wisconsin, and an interventional pulmonology fellowship at the University of Chicago. Dr. Podder’s clinical practice focuses on complex airway and pleural disease, lung nodule evaluation, and lung cancer diagnosis using minimally invasive bronchoscopic techniques, with an emphasis on a step-by-step, patient-centered approach to care.

Shreya Podder, MD

MDCalc&rsquo;s Editorial Board is comprised of key leaders in the medical specialties and subspecialties. The board members have contributed to medical education in their fields, including publishing in the medical literature and holding leadership positions at their institutions and societies. Board members advise MDCalc on content in their specialty as well as recruit contributors to author calculator content.

Meet the dynamic community driving MDCalc's innovation &ndash; including dedicated clinicians using MDCalc&rsquo;s evidence-based tools to enhance patient care, invaluable contributors and editors, esteemed members of the Scientific Advisory Board, and collaborative partners within leading medical societies.&nbsp;
Together, we form a diverse and engaged network committed to advancing evidence-based medicine in healthcare decision-making.

Jerome Hoffman, MD, is the associate program director of emergency medicine and acute care at UCLA. He is also professor emeritus of medicine and emergency medicine. Dr. Hoffman has directed the UCLA Doctoring Program for more than 20 years, and his research focuses on Health Services Research and Clinical Decision Making, as well as in areas related to Medical Education.

Dr. Jerome Hoffman

NEXUS Criteria for C-Spine Imaging

NEXUS C-Spine Rule

Barbra Backus, MD, PhD, worked as a junior cardiologist under Dr. Six prior to her work on the HEART Studies. After completing her PhD, she began a residency in Emergency Medicine at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Dordrecht in the Netherlands. Her main research focus is on risk stratification of ACS.

Dr. Barbra Backus

HEART Score for Major Cardiac Events

HEART Score

Robert A. Balk, MD, is a professor and practicing physician in pulmonology, internal medicine and critical care at Rush University Medical Center. His research interests include septic shock, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Dr. Robert A. Balk

SIRS, Sepsis, and Septic Shock Criteria

SIRS & Sepsis Criteria

Robert M. Centor, MD, is the retired regional dean for the Huntsville Regional Medical and professor of medicine in the Division of General Internal Medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He researches medical decision-making and has published widely in the diagnosis and management of adult sore throats. Dr. Centor is also Chair Emeritus of the Board of Regents for the American College of Physicians.

Dr. Robert M. Centor

Centor Score (Modified/McIsaac) for Strep Pharyngitis

Centor Score (Modified/McIsaac)

Nathan Kuppermann, MD, MPH, is the Executive VP, Chief Academic Officer, and Chair of Pediatrics at Children's National Hospital in Washington, DC. He chaired the first research network in pediatric emergency medicine (the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the AAP) and was the founding chair of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Dr. Kuppermann is a leading national investigator for studies focusing on infectious emergencies in children including the laboratory evaluation of young febrile children, the evaluation of children at risk of diabetic ketoacidosis-related cerebral injury, and the laboratory and radiographic evaluation of the pediatric trauma patient. He has been the lead or senior investigator on several research studies developing and validating clinical prediction rules.

Dr. Nathan Kuppermann

PECARN Pediatric Head Injury/Trauma Algorithm

PECARN Pediatric Head Injury Rule

Palchak (UC Davis) Rule for Pediatric Head Trauma

Palchak (UC Davis) Rule

PECARN Rule for Low Risk Febrile Infants 8-60 Days Old

PECARN Febrile Infants (8-60 Days Old)

Gregory Lip, MD, is the David A. Price-Evans Chair in Cardiovascular Medicine at the University of Liverpool and an honorary consultant cardiologist at Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital. He is also a researcher in the Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit at Aalborg University in Denmark. Dr. Lip is one of the world&rsquo;s leading experts in risk stratification of atrial fibrillation, with his research directly informing the widely-used CHA₂DS₂-Vasc and HAS-BLED Scores.

Dr. Gregory Lip

CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score for Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Risk

CHA₂DS₂-VASc Score

Mark B. Pochapin, MD, FACG, is director of the division of gastroenterology and hepatology at NYU Langone Medical Center and the Sholtz/Leeds Professor of Gastroenterology. He is also the vice chair for clinical affairs in the department of medicine. Dr. Pochapin is the former chief of endoscopy at New York-Presbyterian Hospital and founded the Jay Monahan Center for Gastrointestinal Health, and is the current president of the American College of Gastroenterology

Mark Pochapin, MD, FACG

Ian Stiell, MD, MSc, FRCPC, is Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa; Distinguished Professor and University Health Research Chair, University of Ottawa; Senior Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; and Emergency Physician, The Ottawa Hospital. He is internationally recognized for his research in emergency medicine with a focus on the development of clinical decision rules and the conduct of clinical trials involving acutely ill and injured patients treated by prehospital services and in emergency departments. He is best known for the development of the <calculator id="1670">Ottawa Ankle Rule</calculator>, the <calculator id="696">Canadian C-Spine Rule</calculator>, and <calculator id="608">Canadian CT Head Rule</calculator> and as the Principal Investigator for the landmark OPALS Studies for prehospital care. Dr. Stiell is the Principal Investigator for 1 of 3 Canadian sites in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) which is funded by CIHR, NIH, HSFC, AHA, and National Defence Canada. Dr. Stiell is a Member of the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academies of Science.
To read more about Dr. Stiell's work, visit his <a href="http://www.ohri.ca/profile/istiell/dr-ian-stiell-group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">website</a>.

Dr. Ian Stiell

San Francisco Syncope Rule

Ottawa Knee Rule

Canadian CT Head Injury/Trauma Rule

Canadian CT Head Rule

Canadian C-Spine Rule

Ottawa Ankle Rule

Ottawa Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) Rule for Headache Evaluation

Ottawa SAH Rule

Ottawa Heart Failure Risk Scale (OHFRS)

OHFRS

Ottawa COPD Risk Scale

Sir Graham Teasdale, MBBS, is an honorary professor at the Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow. He was previously the professor of neurosurgery, head of the department of neurosurgery, and associate dean for medical research at the University of Glasgow. Sir Teasdale was also the president of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (2003-2006), and was knighted in 2006 for his services to neurosurgery.

Dr. Graham Teasdale

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (pGCS)

Pediatric GCS

GCS-Pupils Score

Judith Tintinalli, MD, MS, FACEP, is editor-in-chief of the eponymous Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine series, the most widely-used and well-known emergency medicine textbook. She is Chairman Emeritus and a professor in the department of emergency medicine at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, and also holds multiple associate and adjunct professorships. Dr. Tintinalli is one of the founders of the Emergency Medicine Residents' Association (EMRA) and has been named a Hero of Emergency Medicine by the American College of Emergency Physicians.

Judith Tintinalli, MD

MDCalc&rsquo;s Scientific Advisory Board represents elite leaders in academic evidence-based medicine and clinical decision support. These pioneers of medicine have changed practice with their research and clinical work, improving care and outcomes for countless patients worldwide. Board members provide strategic guidance that helps to shape MDCalc's strategy and vision, on an invitation-only, voluntary basis.

The MDCalc Community

Scientific Advisory Board

Editorial Board

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