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Carrington EV, Heinrich H, Knowles CH, et al. The international anorectal physiology working group (Iapwg) recommendations: Standardized testing protocol and the London classification for disorders of anorectal function. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020;32(1):e13679.

Wald A, Bharucha AE, Cosman BC, Whitehead WE. ACG clinical guideline: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug;109(8):1141-57; (Quiz) 1058. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.190. Epub 2014 Jul 15. PMID: 25022811.

Videlock EJ, Lembo A, Cremonini F. “Diagnostic testing for dyssynergic defecation in chronic constipation: meta-analysis.” Neurogastroent Motil 2013; 25: 509–520.

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Dr. Douglas Drossman

Dr. Lin Chang

The Rome Foundation

Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Defecation Disorders

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Official Rome IV criteria for the diagnosis of functional defecation disorders.

Rome IV for Defecation Disorders

The Rome IV Criteria for Functional Defecation Disorders provides criteria for diagnosis of functional defecation disorders.

Rome IV for Belching Disorders

Rome IV for Anorectal Pain

Rome IV for Functional Constipation

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