Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Quantitative Displacement of Acid-Base Equilibrium in Metabolic Acidosis. Ann Intern Med. 1967;66:312-322. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-66-2-312.

Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Secondary responses to altered acid-base status: the rules of engagement. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(6):920-3.

Asch MJ, Dell RB, Williams GS, Cohen M, Winters RW. Time course for development of respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis. J Lab Clin Med. 1969 Apr;73(4):610-5.

Dr. August Supervia

Winters' Formula for Metabolic Acidosis Compensation

bicarbonate

Calculates the expected pCO2 compensation in a purely metabolic acidosis.

Expected pCO2 if pure metabolic acidosis.

Winters' Formula

The Winters’ Formula for Metabolic Acidosis Compensation Calculates the expected pCO2 compensation in a purely metabolic acidosis

Bicarbonate

ABG Analysis

Anion Gap

Serum Osmolality

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Calc Function