Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, Nair RC, McDowell I, Worthington JR. A study to develop clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 1992; 21:384–90.

Stiell, I.G., R.D. McKnight, G.H. Greenberg et collab. Implementation of the Ottawa Ankle Rules. JAMA, no 271. 1994, p. 827-832.

Stiell IG, Wells GA, Laupacis A, Brison R, Verbeek R, Vandemheen K, Naylor CD.  A multicentre trial to introduce clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries.  Br Med J 1995;311:594-597.

Plint AC, Bulloch B, Osmond MH, Stiell I, Dunlap H, Reed M, Tenenbein M, Klassen TP. Validation of the Ottawa Ankle Rules in children with ankle injuries. Acad Emerg Med. 1999; 6(10)10005-9

Bachmann LM, et. al. Accuracy of Ottawa ankle rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and mid-foot: systematic review BMJ 2003;326:417. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7386.417 (Published 22 February 2003).

Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, Nair RC, McDowell I, Reardon M, Stewart JP, Maloney J. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Refinement and prospective validation. JAMA. 1993 Mar 3;269(9):1127-32.

Dr. Ian Stiell

Ottawa Ankle Rule

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Rules out clinically significant foot and ankle fractures to reduce use of x-ray imaging.

Rules out clinically significant foot and ankle fractures.

Calvin Hwang, MD, is a clinical assistant professor in the department of orthopaedic surgery at the Stanford University School of Medicine. A native Californian, Dr. Hwang grew up in San Diego and attended Stanford University before venturing off to Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, where he received his medical degree. He completed his residency at the Stanford/Kaiser Emergency Medicine program and fellowship in sports medicine at Stanford. He is currently a team physician for the Golden State Warriors, Stanford Football and Stanford Volleyball.

Calvin Hwang, MD

The Ottawa Ankle Rule rules out clinically significant foot and ankle fractures to reduce use of x-ray imaging.

Ottawa Knee Rule

Pittsburgh Knee Rules

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Calc Function