Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA, et al. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(2):251-70.

Mallampati SR, Gatt SP, Gugino LD, et al. A clinical sign to predict difficult tracheal intubation: a prospective study. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1985;32(4):429-34.

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Ezri T, Cohen I, Geva D, Szmuk P. Pharyngoscopic views. Anesth Analg. 1998;87(3):748.

O'Leary AM, Sandison MR, Roberts KW. History of anesthesia; Mallampati revisited: 20 years on. Can J Anaesth. 2008;55(4):250-1.

Hanouz JL, Bonnet V, Buléon C, et al. Comparison of the Mallampati Classification in Sitting and Supine Position to Predict Difficult Tracheal Intubation: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(1):161-169.

Green SM, Roback MG. Is the Mallampati score useful for emergency department airway management or procedural sedation? Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(2):251-259

Lee A, Fan LT, Gin T, Karmakar MK, Ngan kee WD. A systematic review (meta-analysis) of the accuracy of the Mallampati tests to predict the difficult airway. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(6):1867-78.

Dr. Seshagiri R. Mallampati

Modified Mallampati Classification

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Stratifies predicted difficulty of endotracheal intubation based on anatomic features.

Predicted endotracheal intubation difficulty.

Derek Tam, MD, MPH, is a pediatric resident at Maimonides Children's Hospital in Brooklyn, NY. Dr. Tam completed an undergraduate degree in cognitive science at Northwestern University in Chicago, IL, and received his MD and MPH from the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. He will serve as chief resident for the pediatric residency program at Maimonides for the academic year 2019-2020 and plans to pursue a fellowship in pediatric emergency medicine. His academic interests include emergency medicine, pediatric resuscitation, antibiotic stewardship, and epidemiology.

Derek Tam, MD, MPH

 The Modified Mallampati Classification stratifies predicted difficulty of endotracheal intubation based on anatomic features.

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