Stiell IG, et al. Derivation of a decision rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995; 26(10): 405-13.

Stiell IG, et al. Implementation of the Ottawa knee rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. JAMA. 1997; 278(23): 2075-9.

 Bachmann L M, Haberzeth S, Steurer J, ter Riet G. The accuracy of the Ottawa knee rule to rule out knee fractures. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004; 140(2): 121-124.

Nichol G, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Juergensen LS, Laupacis A. An economic analysis of the Ottawa knee rule.Ann Emerg Med. 1999 Oct;34(4 Pt 1):438-47.

Stiell IG, Wells GA, McKnight RD. Validating the “Real” Ottawa Knee Rule. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33:241-243.

Tigges S, et al. External validation of the Ottawa knee rules in an urban trauma center in the United States. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1999; 172:1069-71.

Bulloch B, et al. Validation of the Ottawa knee rule in children: A multicenter study. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003; 42(7): 48-55.

Cheung TC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of the Ottawa knee rule vs the Pittsburgh decision rule. 2013; 31: 641-5.

Stiell IG, et al. Prospective validation of a decision rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. JAMA. 1996; 275(8): 611-5.

Emparanza JI and Aginaga JR. Validation of the Ottawa knee rules. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001; 38(10):364-8.

Dr. Ian Stiell

Ottawa Knee Rule

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Describes criteria for knee trauma patients so low risk as not to warrant knee imaging.

Sensitive; rules out imaging in some.

Calvin Hwang, MD, is a clinical assistant professor in the department of orthopaedic surgery at the Stanford University School of Medicine. A native Californian, Dr. Hwang grew up in San Diego and attended Stanford University before venturing off to Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, where he received his medical degree. He completed his residency at the Stanford/Kaiser Emergency Medicine program and fellowship in sports medicine at Stanford. He is currently a team physician for the Golden State Warriors, Stanford Football and Stanford Volleyball.

Calvin Hwang, MD

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The Ottawa Knee Rule describes criteria for minor knee trauma patients that are so low risk as not to warrant knee imaging.

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