Ottawa Knee Rule
The Ottawa Knee Rules should be applied to all patients aged 2 and older with knee pain/tenderness in the setting of trauma.
The Ottawa Knee Rules were derived to aid in the efficient use of radiography in acute knee injuries.
- Rules have been prospectively validated on multiple occasions in different populations and in both children and adults.
- Numerous studies found sensitivities for the Ottawa Knee Rules of 98-100% for clinically significant knee fractures. One study did find a sensitivity of just 86%.
- Specificities for the Ottawa Knee Rules typically range from 19%-50%, though the rule is not designed/intended for specific diagnosis.
- When used appropriately, the amount of knee x-rays obtained can be reduced by around 20-30%.
- The Ottawa Knee Rules are useful in ruling out fracture (high sensitivity) when negative, but poor for ruling in fractures (many false positives).
Tips from the creators at University of Ottawa:
- Tenderness of patella is significant only if an isolated finding.
- Use only for injuries <7 days.
- “Bearing weight” counts even if the patient limps.
Precautions from the creators at University of Ottawa:
- Clinical judgment should prevail if examination is ureliable:
- Intoxication.
- Uncooperative patient.
- Distracting painful injuries.
- Diminished sensation in legs.
- Always provide written instructions.
- Encourage follow-up in 5-7 days if pain and ability to walk is not better.
- Patients without criteria for imaging by the Ottawa Knee Rules are highly unlikely to have a clinically significant fracture and do not need plain radiographs.
- Application of the Ottawa Knee Rules can cut down on the number of unnecessary radiographs by 20-30%, which has proven to be cost effective for patients without reducing quality of care. (Nichol 1999)
Result:
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Advice
Patients who do not have any of the Ottawa Knee Rules present do not need an x-ray. If one or more of the conditions are met, then x-ray is recommended.
Management
Critical Actions
Patients who do not have any of the Ottawa Knee Rules present do not need an x-ray. If one or more of the conditions are met, then x-ray is recommended.
Many experts would consider this score “one directional.” Because the rule is sensitive and not specific, it provides a clear guide of which patients not to x-ray if all criteria are met. However if a patient fails the criteria, need for x-ray can be left to clinical judgement.
Formula
Series of Yes/No questions. See criteria below.
Facts & Figures
- A knee x-ray series is only required for knee injury patients with any of these findings:
- Age ≥ 55, OR
- Isolated tenderness of patella (no bone tenderness of knee other than patella), OR
- Tenderness of head of fibula, OR
- Inability to flex to 90°, OR
- Inability to bear weight both immediately after injury and in the ED for 4 steps (unable to transfer weight twice onto each lower limb regardless of limping.
Evidence Appraisal
- Original derivation study by Stiell et al was done in 1995 and included non-pregnant patients over age 18 who presented to Ottawa Civic and General Hospitals with a new injury < 7 days old as a result of acute blunt trauma to the knee. Study enrolled 1,054 subjects, of whom 68 had fractures, 66 of them deemed to be clinically significant (not simple avulsion fragment < 5 mm in breadth without associated complete tendon or ligament disruption). Using recursive-partitioning techniques, authors derived the five variables of their decision rule. If applied to the study population, their decision rule had sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 54% for identifying fractures and would lead to a 28% relative reduction in x-ray utilization.
- Stiell et al then prospectively validated their decision rule in the same patient population. They performed telephone follow-up 14 days after the ED visit to determine the possibility of a missed fracture. Sensitivity of the decision rule was again 100%, identifying 63 clinically important fractures out of 1096 patients. Specificity was similar to the derivation study, at 49%, and they also found a 28% relative reduction in x-ray utilization.
- Stiell et al prospectively implemented the decision rule in different teaching and community emergency departments. They found a relative reduction in x-ray usage of 26.4% while maintaining a sensitivity of 100% for detecting 58 knee fractures out of 3907 patients and a specificity of 48%. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in time to discharge and total medical charges in those patients who did not get an x-ray.
- The Ottawa Knee Rules have also been prospectively validated in populations outside of Canada. Two studies, one done in Spain and another in the United States, found that the Ottawa Knee Rules had a sensitivity of 100% and 98%, specificity of 52% and 19%, and a reduction in x-ray usage by 49% and 17%.
- These rules were applied to children aged 2 to 16 years of age in a prospective, multicenter validation study in 2003. That study found the decision rule to be 100% sensitive in finding 70 fractures out of 750 children, with a specificity of 42.8% and a potential reduction in x-ray usage by 31.2%.
- The Ottawa Knee Rules have also been compared to the Pittsburgh decision rules, another well-validated clinical decision rule. A cross-sectional comparison of the two rules showed that both had sensitivities of 86% though the Pittsburgh decision rule was significantly more specific. However, this study only included patients aged 18-79 and excluded pediatric patients.
Literature
Original/Primary Reference
Stiell IG, et al. Derivation of a decision rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995; 26(10): 405-13.Validation
Stiell IG, et al. Prospective validation of a decision rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. JAMA. 1996; 275(8): 611-5.Emparanza JI and Aginaga JR. Validation of the Ottawa knee rules. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001; 38(10):364-8.Other References
Stiell IG, et al. Implementation of the Ottawa knee rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. JAMA. 1997; 278(23): 2075-9. Bachmann L M, Haberzeth S, Steurer J, ter Riet G. The accuracy of the Ottawa knee rule to rule out knee fractures. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004; 140(2): 121-124.Nichol G, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Juergensen LS, Laupacis A. An economic analysis of the Ottawa knee rule.Ann Emerg Med. 1999 Oct;34(4 Pt 1):438-47.Stiell IG, Wells GA, McKnight RD. Validating the “Real” Ottawa Knee Rule. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33:241-243.Tigges S, et al. External validation of the Ottawa knee rules in an urban trauma center in the United States. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1999; 172:1069-71.Bulloch B, et al. Validation of the Ottawa knee rule in children: A multicenter study. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003; 42(7): 48-55.Cheung TC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of the Ottawa knee rule vs the Pittsburgh decision rule. 2013; 31: 641-5.
From the Creator
- Why did you develop the Ottawa Knee Rule? Was there a clinical experience that inspired you to create this rule for clinicians?
- We found that emergency doctors were ordering many imaging studies for knee injuries that were then found to be normal. I thought if there were a set of rules with criteria developed by emergency physicians, for emergency physicians, they would help this problem of unnecessary imaging and shorten emergency department wait times and costs.
- What pearls, pitfalls and/or tips do you have for users of the Ottawa Knee Rule? Are there cases when it has been applied, interpreted, or used inappropriately?
- As a general rule in the emergency department, x-rays are rarely useful because most injuries are soft tissue, and an x-ray does not show ligament injury.
- What recommendations do you have for health care providers once they have applied the Ottawa Knee Rule besides imaging, or when imaging is negative?
- If negative, the patient will inevitably need further assessment and follow-up to deal with soft tissue injuries and may even need an orthopedic consult.
- What are some situations in which you see clinicians interpreting the rule improperly or incorrectly leading to inappropriate x-ray utilization?
- Sometimes doctors don't properly assess the patient's ability to bear weight. Most patients can and will walk, but it may take a little encouragement from the physician.
See More Info section for the definition of ability to bear weight.
About the Creator
Ian Stiell, MD, MSc, FRCPC, is Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa; Distinguished Professor and University Health Research Chair, University of Ottawa; Senior Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; and Emergency Physician, The Ottawa Hospital. He is internationally recognized for his research in emergency medicine with a focus on the development of clinical decision rules and the conduct of clinical trials involving acutely ill and injured patients treated by prehospital services and in emergency departments. He is best known for the development of the Ottawa Ankle Rule, the Canadian C-Spine Rule, and Canadian CT Head Rule and as the Principal Investigator for the landmark OPALS Studies for prehospital care. Dr. Stiell is the Principal Investigator for 1 of 3 Canadian sites in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) which is funded by CIHR, NIH, HSFC, AHA, and National Defence Canada. Dr. Stiell is a Member of the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academies of Science.
To read more about Dr. Stiell's work, visit his website.
To view Dr. Ian Stiell's publications, visit PubMed
